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Monthly Archives: July 2015

The Ten Golden Rules on Living the Good Life

07 Tuesday Jul 2015

Posted by Young Brain @ Work in life

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Credit: By Panos Mourdoukoutas

What is good life? What is happiness? What is success? What is pleasure? How should I treat other people? How should I cope with unfortunate events? How can I get rid off unnecessary worry? How should I handle liberty?

The answers to all these questions are condensed in a little book, The Ten Golden Rules I co-authored with Michael Soupios:

1. Examine life, engage life with vengeance; always search for new pleasures and new destines to reach with your mind. This rule isn’t new. It echoes the verses of ancient Greek philosophers and most notably those of Plato through the voice of his hero, Socrates. Living life is about examining life through reason, nature’s greatest gift to humanity. The importance of reason in sensing and examining life is evident in all phases of life– from the infant who strains to explore its new surroundings to the grandparent who actively reads and assesses the headlines of the daily paper. Reason lets human beings participate in life, to be human is to think, appraise, and explore the world, discovering new sources of material and spiritual pleasure.
2. Worry only about the things that are in your control, the things that can be influenced and changed by your actions, not about the things that are beyond your capacity to direct or alter. This rule summarizes several important features of ancient Stoic wisdom — features that remain powerfully suggestive for modern times. Most notably the belief in an ultimately rational order operating in the universe reflecting a benign providence that ensures proper outcomes in life. Thinkers such as Epictetus did not simply prescribe “faith” as an abstract philosophical principle; they offered a concrete strategy based on intellectual and spiritual discipline. The key to resisting the hardship and discord that intrude upon every human life, is to cultivate a certain attitude toward adversity based on the critical distinction between those things we are able to control versus those which are beyond our capacity to manage. The misguided investor may not be able to recover his fortune but he can resist the tendency to engage in self-torment. The victims of a natural disaster, a major illness or an accident may not be able to recover and live their lives the way they used to, but they too can save themselves the self-torment. In other words, while we cannot control all of the outcomes we seek in life, we certainly can control our responses to these outcomes and herein lies our potential for a life that is both happy and fulfilled.
3. Treasure Friendship, the reciprocal attachment that fills the need for affiliation. Friendship cannot be acquired in the market place, but must be nurtured and treasured in relations imbued with trust and amity. According to Greek philosophy, one of the defining characteristics of humanity that distinguishes it from other forms of existence is a deeply engrained social instinct, the need for association and affiliation with others, a need for friendship. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle viewed the formation of society as a reflection of the profound need for human affiliation rather than simply a contractual arrangement between otherwise detached individuals. Gods and animals do not have this kind of need but for humans it is an indispensable aspect of the life worth living because one cannot speak of a completed human identity, or of true happiness, without the associative bonds called “friendship.” No amount of wealth, status, or power can adequately compensate for a life devoid of genuine friends.

4. Experience True Pleasure. Avoid shallow and transient pleasures. Keep your life simple. Seek calming pleasures that contribute to peace of mind. True pleasure is disciplined and restrained. In its many shapes and forms, pleasure is what every human being is after. It is the chief good of life. Yet not all pleasures are alike. Some pleasures are kinetic—shallow, and transient, fading way as soon as the act that creates the pleasure ends. Often they are succeeded by a feeling of emptiness and psychological pain and suffering. Other pleasures are catastematic—deep, and prolonged, and continue even after the act that creates them ends; and it is these pleasures that secure the well-lived life. That’s the message of the Epicurean philosophers that have been maligned and misunderstood for centuries, particularly in the modern era where their theories of the good life have been confused with doctrines advocating gross hedonism.

5. Master Yourself. Resist any external force that might delimit thought and action; stop deceiving yourself, believing only what is personally useful and convenient; complete liberty necessitates a struggle within, a battle to subdue negative psychological and spiritual forces that preclude a healthy existence; self mastery requires ruthless cador. One of the more concrete ties between ancient and modern times is the idea that personal freedom is a highly desirable state and one of life’s great blessings. Today, freedom tends to be associated, above all, with political liberty. Therefore, freedom is often perceived as a reward for political struggle, measured in terms of one’s ability to exercise individual “rights.”
The ancients argued long before Sigmund Freud and the advent of modern psychology that the acquisition of genuine freedom involved a dual battle. First, a battle without, against any external force that might delimit thought and action. Second, a battle within, a struggle to subdue psychological and spiritual forces that preclude a healthy self-reliance. The ancient wisdom clearly recognized that humankind has an infinite capacity for self-deception, to believe what is personally useful and convenient at the expense of truth and reality, all with catastrophic consequences. Individual investors often deceive themselves by holding on to shady stocks, believing what they want to believe. They often end up blaming stock analysts and stockbrokers when the truth of the matter is they are the ones who eventually made the decision to buy them in the first place. Students also deceive themselves believing that they can pass a course without studying, and end up blaming their professors for their eventual failure. Patients also deceive themselves that they can be cured with convenient “alternative medicines,” which do not involve the restrictive lifestyle of conventional methods.

6. Avoid Excess. Live life in harmony and balance. Avoid excesses. Even good things, pursued or attained without moderation, can become a source of misery and suffering. This rule is echoed in the writings of ancient Greek thinkers who viewed moderation as nothing less than a solution to life’s riddle. The idea of avoiding the many opportunities for excess was a prime ingredient in a life properly lived, as summarized in Solon’s prescription “Nothing in Excess” (6th Century B.C.). The Greeks fully grasped the high costs of passionate excess. They correctly understood that when people violate the limits of a reasonable mean, they pay penalties ranging from countervailing frustrations to utter catastrophe. It is for this reason that they prized ideals such as measure, balance, harmony, and proportion as much as they did, the parameters within which productive living can proceed. If, however, excess is allowed to destroy harmony and balance, then the life worth living becomes impossible to obtain.

7. Be a Responsible Human Being. Approach yourself with honesty and thoroughness; maintain a kind of spiritual hygiene; stop the blame-shifting for your errors and shortcomings. Be honest with yourself and be prepared to assume responsibility and accept consequences. This rule comes from Pythagoras, the famous mathematician and mystic, and has special relevance for all of us because of the common human tendency to reject responsibility for wrongdoing. Very few individuals are willing to hold themselves accountable for the errors and mishaps that inevitably occur in life. Instead, they tend to foist these situations off on others complaining of circumstances “beyond their control.” There are, of course, situations that occasionally sweep us along, against which we have little or no recourse. But the far more typical tendency is to find ourselves in dilemmas of our own creation — dilemmas for which we refuse to be held accountable. How many times does the average person say something like, “It really wasn’t my fault. If only John or Mary had acted differently then I would not have responded as I did.” Cop-outs like these are the standard reaction for most people. They reflect an infinite human capacity for rationalization, finger-pointing, and denial of responsibility. Unfortunately, this penchant for excuses and self-exemption has negative consequences. People who feed themselves a steady diet of exonerating fiction are in danger of living life in bad faith — more, they risk corrupting their very essence as a human being.

8. Don’t Be a Prosperous Fool. Prosperity by itself, is not a cure-all against an ill-led life, and may be a source of dangerous foolishness. Money is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the good life, for happiness and wisdom. Prosperity has different meanings to different people. For some, prosperity is about the accumulation of wealth in the form of money, real estate and equities. For others, prosperity is about the accumulation of power and the achievement of status that comes with appointment to business or government positions. In either case, prosperity requires wisdom: the rational use of one’s resources and in the absence of such wisdom, Aeschylus was correct to speak of prosperous fools.

9. Don’t Do Evil to Others. Evildoing is a dangerous habit, a kind of reflex too quickly resorted to and too easily justified that has a lasting and damaging effect upon the quest for the good life. Harming others claims two victims—the receiver of the harm, and the victimizer, the one who does harm.

Contemporary society is filled with mixed messages when it comes to the treatment of our fellow human beings. The message of the Judaeo-Christian religious heritage, for instance, is that doing evil to others is a sin, extolling the virtues of mercy, forgiveness, charity, love, and pacifism. Yet, as we all know, in practice these inspiring ideals tend to be in very short supply. Modern society is a competitive, hard-bitten environment strongly inclined to advocate self-advantage at the expense of the “other.” Under these conditions, it is not surprising that people are often prepared to harm their fellow human beings. These activities are frequently justified by invoking premises such as “payback,” “leveling scores,” or “doing unto others, before they can do unto you.” Implicit in all of these phrases is the notion that malice towards others can be justified on either a reciprocal basis or as a pre-emptive gesture in advance of anticipated injury. What is not considered here are the effects these attempts to render evil have upon the person engaging in such attempts. Our culture has naively assumed that “getting even” is an acceptable response to wrongdoing — that one bad-turn deserves another. What we fail to understand is the psychological, emotional, and spiritual impact victimizing others has upon the victimizer.

10. Kindness towards others tends to be rewarded. Kindness to others is a good habit that supports and reinforces the quest for the good life. Helping others bestows a sense of satisfaction that has two beneficiaries—the beneficiary, the receiver of the help, and the benefactor, the one who provides the help.

Many of the world’s great religions speak of an obligation to extend kindness to others. But these deeds are often advocated as an investment toward future salvation — as the admission ticket to paradise. That’s not the case for the ancient Greeks, however, who saw kindness through the lens of reason, emphasizing the positive effects acts of kindness have not just on the receiver of kindness but to the giver of kindness as well, not for the salvation of the soul in the afterlife, but in this life. Simply put, kindness tends to return to those who do kind deeds, as Aesop demonstrated in his colourful fable of a little mouse cutting the net to free the big lion. Aesop lived in the 6th century B.C. and acquired a great reputation in antiquity for the instruction he offered in his delightful tales. Despite the passage of many centuries, Aesop’s counsels have stood the test of time because in truth, they are timeless observations on the human condition; as relevant and meaningful today as they were 2,500 years ago.

Android M vs. Android Lollipop: What Are The Sweet New Features And Changes?

07 Tuesday Jul 2015

Posted by Young Brain @ Work in Android

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Google has finally presented the much-anticipated Android M at the Google I/O 2015 conference. While Android 5.0 Lollipop was introduced before as a new interface and design, Android 6.0 codenamed ‘Android M,’ is now the company’s most powerful OS release with several platform improvements. Here is the breakdown of the sweet new changes and features of Android M compared to Android 5.0 Lollipop.

Battery Life

With Project Volta of Android Lollipop, Google positioned the grounds for longer battery life. Android M would be featuring a new battery saving function known as ‘Doze’, which uses motion detection to see if the device has been left unattended for a long time and it will stop real-time updates during that period. Doze would temporarily close unnecessary battery-eating functions and apps. Compared to Android Lollipop, Google claims Doze saves battery life twice as better on Android M’s standby mode.

Fingerprint Sensors Support

Android M also brings fingerprint authentication for individual apps. This new feature will let app developers integrate fingerprint payment and lock systems into their programs as Google finally programmed a standard support for fingerprint sensors.

Android Pay

Android M brings an updated version of Android Pay, which allows purchase with scanned fingerprint over NFC, just like rival’s Apple Pay. Android Pay creates a specific virtual account number for each payment method to protect card details always, from retailers.

App Permissions

There is now an integrated way to manage app permissions with Android M. In Android Lollipop, users have to confirm first app permissions to proceed in downloading apps from the Play Store. However once the userclicked ‘ok,’ there is no way to return and change that permission setting unless through re-installation. However, Android M brings an option in the Settings Menu that allows control and alters the information that each app can use. Apps Permissions now will let you toggle on or off access to information like camera, contact, identity, location, and media.

Other notable improvements

Android M features an app drawer that allows better organization of installed apps. There is now an alphabetized scroll on the left-hand margin and a bar along the top containing four most recently opened applications. Android M placed a search function in the top-right corner.

Android Lollipop provides detailed information about the amount of RAM each app uses. Android M now displays two new fields, which inform users the maximum and average RAM usage of an app.

For users who do not want to see an error due to full internal memory, Android M now allows formatting of micro SD card so that the system would treat it as internal memory. It also permits direct app installation to the micro SD card.

The iOS Design Guidelines

07 Tuesday Jul 2015

Posted by Young Brain @ Work in iPhone

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Design great-looking apps for Apple iOS devices. – Credit: http://iosdesign.ivomynttinen.com/

Designing iOS apps can be difficult sometimes, but finding correct and up-to-date information about all of Apples’ devices shouldn’t be. These design guidelines will help any designer who’s building neat things for iOS get started within seconds.

About these guidelines

These guidelines describe how to design apps that follow the official HIG for iOS by Apple, not what you can do with custom controls. Sometimes it makes sense to break the rules. The purpose of this document is to guide you, not to provide solutions for complex and unique design problems.

This unofficial documentation will be updated and extended regularly. Last update: November 11, 2014.

Resolutions and Display Specifications

Device Retina Portrait (px) Landscape (px)
iPhone 6+ Retina HD 1080 x 1920 1920 x1080
iPhone 6 Retina 750 x 1334 1334 x 750
iPhone 55, 5S, 5C Retina 640 x 1136 1136 x 640
iPhone 44, 4S Retina 640 x 960 960 x 640
iPhone1st, 2nd & 3rd Generation No 320 x 480 480 x 320
iPad Air / Retina iPad1st & 2nd Generation / 3rd & 4th No 1536 x 2048 2048 x 1536
iPad Mini2nd & 3rd Generation Retina 1536 x 2048 2048 x 1536
iPadMini, 1st & 2nd Generation No 768 x 1024 1024 x 768

Difference between Points and Pixels

Pixels are the smallest physical element that we can control on a digital display. The more pixels can be fitted into a specific screen size, the higher the PPI (pixels-per-inch), and the clearer the rendered content becomes.

Points are a resolution-independent measurement. Depending on the screens pixel density, a point can contain multiple pixels (e.g., 1 pt contains 2 x 2 pixels on a regular retina display).

When you are designing for various display types, you should think in points, but design in pixels. This means you will still need to export all your assets in 3 different resolutions, no matter in which resolution you are designing your app.

NOTE

As long as it is not stated otherwise (by appending „px“ to a value), this guide always refers to points when it comes to specific dimensions. If you need the value in pixels, just multiply by 2 for Retina screens or by 3 for Retina HD screens.

Device Asset Resolution PPI Display Size
iPhone 6+ @3x 401 5.5″
iPhone 6 @2x 326 4.7″
iPhone 55, 5S, 5C @2x 326 4.0″
iPhone 44, 4S @2x 326 3.5″
iPhone1st, 2nd & 3rd Generation @1x 163 3.5″
iPad Air / Retina iPad1st & 2nd Generation/ 3rd & 4th @2x 264 9.7″
iPad Mini2nd & 3rd Generation @2x 326 7.9″
iPad Mini1st Generation @1x 163 7.9″
iPad1st & 2nd Generation @1x 132 9.7″

Downsampling on iPhone 6+

Rendered pixels and physical pixels are equal on all iOS devices, with one exception: the Retina HD screen of the iPhone 6 Plus. Because its screen has a lower pixel resolution than what would be a natural @3x resolution, the rendered content is automatically resized to approximately 87% of the original size (from 2208 x 1242 pixels to fit the display resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels).

Difference between iPhone 5S 6 6+ displaysThe difference between displays of iPhone 5S, 6 and 6+. More in-depth information here.

App Icons

Device App Icon AppStore Icon Spotlight Settings
iPhone 6+ 180×180 px 1024×1024 px 120×120 px 87×87 px
iPhone6, 5S, 5, 5C, 4S, 4 120×120 px 1024×1024 px 80×80 px 58×58 px
Old iPhones1st, 2nd, 3rd Generation 57×57 px 1024×1024 px 29×29 px 29×29 px
Retina iPadsMini 2 & 3, Air, 3 & 4 152×152 px 1024×1024 px 80×80 px 58×58 px
Old iPads1, 2, Mini 1 76×76 px 1024×1024 px 40×40 px 29×29 px

Automatically applied effects

App icons assets are generally added to the application package as plain, squared PNG files in various dimensions. When rendered on a device, iOS applies various effects to app icons.

ROUNDED CORNERS

The old simple radii values for rounded corners are gone. Since iOS 7, app icons have been using the shape of a superellipse. Since Apple did not release an official template of the shape, you will have to use one of the unofficial templates out there that replicate the shape in more or less accurate ways.

iOS 8 app icon radius shape

The rounded corners should not be included in the final exported assets, but you might need them in your design process if you want to add effects, such as a stroke or shadows, that are aligned to the corner of the icon.

WARNING

If you are masking your icon asset with the superellipse shape because you want to apply effects aligned to the corners, make sure not to use any transparency for the area outside the mask. Transparency is not supported at all for app icons and instead is rendered as plain black. If your mask is not 100% accurate, users will see small black fragments on the rounded edges. It’s recommend to set the background of the canvas to be the same as the app icon background.

BORDER STROKE (IN SOME SITUATIONS)

If the app icon you are using has a white background, a 1 pixel gray border stroke will be applied to make it easier to recognize the edges of the icon. This is only done in the settings app (if your application is listed there) and the AppStore.

LEGACY EFFECTS (IOS 6 AND PREVIOUS VERSIONS)

On older iOS versions, these effects are applied automatically: rounded corners (not the same shape as iOS 7+ icons are using), drop shadows on the home screen and a gloss effect that can be disabled.

Grid system

iOS 8 app icon grid system

Apple developed a golden ratio grid system that can be used to size and align elements on your icon correctly. Nevertheless, even Apple designers are not following the grid system very strictly with the native apps’ icons. Feel free to break the rules if your icon simply works better without aligning all elements strictly to the grid.

Typography

The default system font on all iOS versions is Helvetica Neue. Since iOS 7, Apple has been using a slightly modified version of the font, but using the original Helvetica Neue for your design process is totally fine. In addition to the default font, many alternative font faces are available to use. You can find a complete list of pre-installed typefaces here.

Custom Fonts

Technically, any True Type Font (.ttf) can be used within an iOS app, but be careful about licenses. It should be safe to use fonts that are completely free for commercial usage. App licenses for commercial fonts are rarely available, and if they are, securing them can turn out to be somewhat expensive. MyFonts currently offers the biggest collection of fonts that can be licensed for mobile app usage.

Color Palette

iOS 8 default colors

Since iOS 7, Apple has been using a vibrant color palette for the interface of the OS and pre-installed apps. While you can use the default iOS color palette listed above, you can also (and probably should, if you want to stand out) use your own colors.

Iconography

In iOS apps, icons have always been a great way to support text labels with a visual relationship to the performed action or to replace text completely (often for very common actions such as „New“, „Delete“, etc.). Usually, we are dealing with icons that are part of the Navigation Bar, Tool Bar or Tab Bar.

Bar Button Icons

Icons used in bars should always have two different states: the default state in outlined style with a stroke width of 1 or 1.5pt and the active state with a solid color fill.

iOS button bar outline and solid icons

You should never include any additional effects such as a drop-shadow or inner shadows on button icons because these are relicts from previous iOS versions (before the iOS 7 redesign). Button icons should be drawn in one solid color on a transparent background—the shape of the icon is used as a mask, and the color will be applied programmatically.

Activity View Icons

Icons in the Activity View (also known as Share Popover) used to be designed in outline style, but since iOS 8, Apple has reverted back to solid fill icons on a plain white background.

iOS activity sheet icons

Commonly used design elements

iOS offers a great collection of ready-to-use views and controls that allow app developers to quickly build interfaces. Some elements can be customized to a certain level, but other cannot and probably also should not be. When designing an application for iOS, you should know your set of tools and stick to them whenever possible. However, in some cases, it might be worthwhile to build a custom control because you need a more custom look or want to change the functionality of an already existing control (danger zone). Almost anything is possible,and sometimes it makes sense to break the rules, but always think twice before doing so.

Status Bar

The Status Bar contains basic system information such as the current carrier, time, battery status and more. It’s visually connected to the Navigation Bar and makes use of the same background fill. To match the style of your app and guarantee readability, the content of the status bar comes in two different styles: dark (black) and light (white).

iOS Status Bar

It is possible to hide the Status Bar, but think twice before doing so. For example, users might be interested in knowing if they are connected to a WiFi network when the app regularly downloads web content or if Bluetooth is enabled when the app requires a Bluetooth link to third-party hardware. A valid reason to hide the Status Bar is when you want to remove all distractions from a single element, for example, when displaying full screen content such as an image gallery.

Navigation Bar

The navigation bar contains the controls for navigating through the applications views and optionally to manage the content of the current view. It will always appear at the top of the screen, right below the status bar. By default, the background is slightly translucent and blurs content underneath the bar. The background fill of the bar can be set to a solid color, a gradient or a custom bitmap-pattern.

iOS Navigation Bar

Navigation Bar on iPhone 6 in portrait mode.

iOS Navigation Bar Landscape

Navigation Bar on iPhone 4S in landscape mode. The height of the bar is reduced by 12pt, except on iPads. It’s also a common practice to hide the status bar in landscape mode.

The elements should always following a specific alignment pattern.

  • Back button should always be aligned to the left side.
  • Title of the current view should always be centered in the bar.
  • Action buttons should always be aligned to the right side. If possible, there should never be more than one primary action to avoid missed clicks and to maintain simplicity.

Toolbar

A toolbar contains a set of actions for managing or manipulating the content of the current view. On the iPhone, it will always appear aligned at the bottom edge of the screen, while on the iPad, it can also be displayed aligned at the top of the screen.

Similarly to the navigation bar, the background fill of toolbars can be modified, is translucent and blurs the underlaying content by default.

iOS Toolbar

Toolbars should be used when a specific view requires more than three primary actions that would hardly fit or would look messy in the navigation bar.

Search Bar

Search bars come in two different styles by default: prominent and minimal. Both versions do have the same functionality.

  • As long as no text was entered by the user, a placeholder text is shown inside the bar, and, optionally, a bookmarks icon that can be used to access recent or saved searches.
  • Once a search term is entered, the placeholder disappears, and a clear button to delete the entered value appears on the right edge.

Search bars can make use of a prompt — a short sentence to introduce the functionality in the context of the search. For example, „Enter a city, zip code or airport.“

iOS prominent search bar

Prominent search bar style, without and with a prompt.

iOS minimal search bar

Minimal search bar style.

To provide even more control over a search query, it is possible to chain the search Bar with a scope bar. The scope bar will use the same style as the search bar and might be useful when there are clearly defined categories for the search results. For example, in a music app, the search results could be filtered again by interpreters, albums or songs.

Tab Bar

The tab bar is used to allow the user to quickly navigate through the separate views of an application, and it should only be used for this purpose. It always appears at the bottom edge of the screen. By default, its slightly translucent and uses the same system blur for underlaying content as the navigation bar.

iOS Tab Bar

A tab bar can only contain a fixed maximum number of tabs. Once there are more tabs than the maximum count, the last tab displayed will be replaced by a „More-tab“ that will lead to a list of hidden tabs, with an option to re-order the displayed tabs.

While the maximum amount of tabs displayed is five on iPhones, it’s possible to display up to seven tabs on the iPad while avoiding a more-tab.

To notify users about new information on a view, it sometimes makes sense to apply a badge count to a tab bar button. If a view is temporarily disabled, the related tab button should not be completely hidden; instead, it should be faded out to visually communicate the disabled state.

Table View

Table views are used to display small to large amounts of list style information in a single or multiple columns and with the option to divide several rows into separate sections or to group them.

There are two basic table view types that should be used, depending on the type of data you are presenting.

PLAIN

iOS plain table view

A plain table contains a number of rows that can have a header on the top and a footer after the last row. It’s possible to display a vertical navigation on the right edge of the screen to navigate through the table, which makes sense when presenting a big data set that could be sorted in some way (e.g., alphabetically descending).

GROUPED

iOS grouped table view

A grouped table allows you to organize rows in groups. Each group can have a header (best used to describe the context for the group) as well as a footer (good for help text, etc.). A grouped table needs to contain at least one group, and each group needs to contain at least one row.

For both table view types, a few styles are available to present the data in a way that allows users to easily scan, read and probably modify it.

DEFAULT

iOS default table view

A table row in default style has an optional image aligned on the left and a title.

WITH SUBTITLE

iOS subtitle table view

The subtitle table style enables a small subtitle text underneath the row title. It is useful for further explanations or short descriptions.

WITH VALUE

iOS subtitle table view

The value table style allows you to display a specific value that is related to the row title. Similar to the default style, each row can have an image and a title that are both aligned to the left. The title is followed by the right aligned label for the value, which is usually displayed in a slightly more subtle text color than the title.

Modals, Popovers and Alerts

iOS provides various styles of temporary views that can be used to display, edit and manipulate data in a way that fits best in a given situation. While each temporary view exists for a very specific purpose and each one looks different, all temporary views still have one thing in common: When displayed, it’s the highest index layer on the current view (they appear on top of everything else), and content underneath is overlayed by a translucent black background.

ACTIVITY VIEW

An activity view is used to perform specific tasks. These tasks can be default system tasks such as share content via the available options, or they can be completely custom actions. When designing icons for custom task buttons, you should follow the same guidelines as for the active state of bar button icons — solid fill, no effects, on a transparent background.

iOS activity sheet view

ACTIONS

Action Sheets are used to perform one single action from a list of available actions and to force the user of an app to confirm an action or cancel it.

iOS action sheet view

In portrait mode (and on small landscape screen resolutions), actions are always displayed as a list of buttons sliding in and staying at the bottom edge of the screen. In this case, an action sheet should always have a cancel button to close the view and not perform any of the listed actions.

When there is enough space available (e.g., on iPad screens), action sheets visually transform into popovers. A button to close the view is not required anymore because tapping a target anywhere outside the popover will close it automatically.

ALERTS

The purpose of alerts is to inform the user about critical information and optionally to force the user to make a decision about some action.

An alert view does always contain a title text, which should not be longer than one line and one (for pure informational alerts, e.g., „OK“) or two (for alerts that require a decision, e.g., „Send“ and „Cancel“) buttons.

iOS Alerts

Also, you can add a message text, if needed, as well as up to two text input fields, one of which can be a masked input field, which is appropriate for sensitive information like passwords or PINs.

EDIT MENU

iOS minimal search bar

The Edit Menu allows users to perform actions such as Copy, Paste, Cut, etc., when an element is selected (text, images, others). While it is possible to control which operations the user can choose from, the visual appearance of edit menus is set and not configurable unless you build your own completely custom edit menu.

POPOVER

Popovers are useful when a specific action requires multiple user inputs before proceeding. A good example is adding an item, which has a few attributes that need to be set before the item can be created.

In a horizontal environment, popovers reveal underneath the related control (such as a button) with an arrow pointing to that control while opened. The background of a popover uses a slightly reduced opacity and blurs the content underneath, just as many other UI elements have done since iOS 7.

iOS popover view

A popover is a powerful temporary view that can contain various objects such as its own navigation bar, table views, maps or web views. When a popover grows in size due to the number of contained elements and reaches the bottom edge of the viewport, it is possible to scroll within the popover.

MODALS

Modals are a useful view for tasks that require multiple commands or inputs by the user. They appear on top of everything else, and, while open, block interaction with any other interactive elements underneath.

The typical modal usually provides:

  • a title to describe the task;
  • a button to close the modal without saving or performing any other actions;
  • a button to save or submit any entered information; and
  • various elements for user input in the modal body.

There are three different modal styles available:

  1. Full screen: covers the entire screen.
  2. Page sheet: In portrait mode, the modal covers the underlaying content only partially, leaving a small portion of the parent view visible underneath the translucent black background. In landscape mode, the page sheet modal acts just like a full screen modal.
  3. Form sheet: In portrait mode, the modal appears in the center of the screen, keeping the surrounding content of the parent view visible underneath the translucent black background. The position of the modal adjusts automatically when a keyboard needs to be displayed. In landscape mode, the page sheet modal acts just like a full screen modal.

Controls

iOS provides a wide range of controls for basically any required input type you can think of. Listed below you will find the most important (commonly used), but for a full list of the available controls, you should look at the iOS Developer Library.

BUTTONS

Probably the most used control overall is the good old button. Since iOS 7, the default button design hasn’t really looked like a button anymore, but rather more like a plain text link. The button control is highly customizable and allows you to style everything from text style, drop shadows and color to an icon that is either prepended or centered if there is no text label, as well as fully custom backgrounds.

Keep in mind that a button can have several states, which should be communicated with visual language: default, highlighted, selected and disabled.

PICKERS

Pickers are used to select one value from a list of available values. The web equivalent would be a select box (which the picker control is also used for when touching a select in Safari). An extended version of picker is the datepicker, which allows the user to scroll through a list of dates and times and select values for (configurable) day, month and time.

iOS picker controls

Left: datepicker displayed inside a table view, right: picker as keyboard.

Except for the background color, it is not possible to change the visual style or size (same as keyboard) of a picker control. Most often, they appear at the bottom of the screens, where keyboards appear as well, but it is possible to use them in other positions.

SEGMENT CONTROLS

A segment control contains a set of segments (at least two) that can be used for things like filtering content or to create tabs for clearly categorized content types.

iOS segment controls

Segment control without and with icons.

Each segment can contain a text label or an image (icon), but never both. In addition, using a mixed set of segment types (text and images) in one segment control is not really recommended. The width of one segment changes automatically based on the number of segments (two segments: 50% of total control width, 5 segments: 20% of total control width).

SLIDERS

The slider control allows the user to choose one specific value from a range of allowed values. Since choosing a value works pretty smoothly and without any steps, sliders are recommended for selecting an estimated, but not exact, value. For example, a slider would be a good control for setting the sound volume, since the user can hear the difference and can see the difference between loud and very loud, but a text input to set an exact dB value would be impractical.

iOS slider controls

Slider control without and with descriptive icons.

It is possible to set icons for the minimum and the maximum value, which are displayed on the start and end edge of the slider control, thereby allowing you to visually embrace the purpose of the slider.

STEPPER

Steppers should be used when the user should enter an exact value from a limited range of possible values (e.g., 1-10). A stepper always contains two segmented buttons, one for lowering and one for raising the current value.

iOS stepper controls

Visually, the stepper control is highly customizable:

  • you can use your own icons for stepper buttons;
  • when maintaining the native iOS look, you can customize the color of borders, background and icons by using a tint color, which automatically sets the color for each of these elements; and
  • if you want to go further, you can use completely custom background images for the stepper buttons as well as for the separator.

SWITCH

iOS switch controls

A switch allows the user to quickly toggle between two possible states: on and off. It’s the checkbox for iOS apps. It is possible to customize the color for the on and off states, but the appearance of the toggle button and size of the switch are set and cannot be changed.

KEYBOARDS

There are various keyboard types available to provide the best possible keyboard for a specific text input. While it is possible to build your own completely custom keyboard, default keyboards cannot be customized in style or size.

Further Reading and Resources

These guidelines only provide basic information to get you started with iOS design. Once you dig deeper, you might be interested in more details. These articles and resources should help you.

GENERAL

  • iOS Human Interface Guidelinesby Apple
  • UIKit User Interface Catalogby Apple
  • My app design workflowby Marc Edwards
  • Learn Mobile App Designon Treehouse

ANIMATIONS & PROTOTYPING

  • Framer.js$79.99, trial available
  • MarvelFree Prototyping for Everyone
  • PixatePrototype iOS animations
  • OrigamiQuartz composer framework by Facebook
  • How To Prototype In Xcode Using Storyboardby Meng To

DEVELOPMENT STARTER GUIDES

  • Building iOS Apps From Scratchby Mike Rundle
  • Cocoa ControlsOpen Source, Commercial

BAR BUTTON ICONS

  • 1042 iOS Line Iconson Creative Market – $45
  • 2080 iOS 8 Iconson Creative Market – $69
  • 1640 iOS Icons – Streamlineon Creative Market – $69
  • 500 Line Vector Iconson Creative Market – $11

APP ICONS

  • App Icon TemplatePhotoshop
  • iOS App Icon TemplateSketch

UI KITS

  • iPhone GUI for Sketch (iOS 7)Sketch
  • iOS 7 GUI PSD (iPhone)Photoshop
  • iPad GUI for Sketch (iOS 7)Sketch
  • iPad GUI PSDPhotoshop
  • iOS 8 UI Kit + for SketchSketch
  • BlueprintSketch

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